Our methodology employs (1) archival research, (2) traditional field research, and (3) participatory research data collection methods. The three approaches worked well together and no single one would have given as complete a picture as the combined view.

Truly participatory research mapping is initiated without completely preconceived research objectives. Local investigators, chosen by the communities, are trained by the researcher in geographic data gathering techniques.

Cognitive mental (individual) maps are converted to consensual (community) maps, including only features whose nature, name, and coordinates have been verified. These are then converted to standardized maps, which the communities may choose to use educational, political, legal, or other, unexpected purposes. Participatory maps of resource-use areas, for example, have been used successfully for indigenous territorial claims in Panama (Herlihy 2003) and elsewhere.